In a typical school choice program, the amount of money spent on each participant is less than what would have been spent on that student in public schools. That means that states save money, which can be put back into public schools. Fiscal studies in Arizona, Washington D.C., Minnesota and Maryland have confirmed that parental school choice programs save millions of dollars every year. Although schools have a small amount of fixed costs that remain after students leave, the financial savings generated for public schools by school choice programs far outweigh the relatively small effects of fixed costs, results confirmed by fiscal studies in South Carolina, New Mexico, Utah, and New Hampshire. In Milwaukee, between the creation of the city's school choice program in 1990 and 2004, real spending per pupil increased by $5,644 per student and state support for Milwaukee Public Schools (MPS) increased from $402 million to $668 million. An MPS report estimated that the district would have to spend $70 million more a year if the parental school choice program ended.