Of the families in Milwaukee's voucher program, 54% receive Aid to Families with Dependent Children; the average income is $11,600; 76% are in single-parent households; and 96% are minority. The evaluator of the Cleveland voucher program, Kim Metcalf, reported that "The scholarship program effectively served the population of families and children for which it was intended...low-income students." According to Harvard researcher Paul Peterson, the majority of students receiving vouchers score well below the national average on standardized tests prior to entering a parental choice school program, typically scoring in the bottom third of all students. Many parental school choice programs require that participating schools accept scholarship students randomly and are in fact means-tested.